Effective Communication In Health and Social Care Essay

Understand effective communication and interpersonal interaction in Health and Social Care †¢Produce a staff handbook for new staff at a residential setting for people with learning difficulties and other communication difficulties including different forms of communication needs and preferences and the role of effective communication in team work and supporting individuals. Emily Rhodes Contents Page The two main contexts in which health and social care workers use the communication cycle are one-to-one and group communication. One-to-one Communication – This interaction often involves a three stage process. 1) Greeting or warming up, 2) conversation or information exchange, 3) farewells or winding down. When you start a conversation with somebody you have to try and make them feel relaxed and it is important to create a positive emotional atmosphere. Very often people will start a one-to-one communication with a greeting such as ‘Good Morning’, as this shows you are helping them to feel relaxed by showing a positive and friendly attitude. This type of communication is effective within a health and social care environment because, if a nurse/carer had a new resident, then they have to set an example, so that the resident will feel safe, and will be able to build trust with the nurse/carer. Group Communication – This type of communication is only effective if everyone within the group wants to be involved. It is right that the group has the right emotional atmosphere, as people may feel threatened, or may  not be confident enough to speak up within a formal group conversation. Group maintenance is important, as this enables people to create the right atmosphere. Having a group leader can be useful, because they will be able to encourage people to express their ideas, and make sure people take their turn when talking. This type of communication is effective within health and social care as there are many meetings, which could be discussing a resident’s needs/preferences. This is effective because everyone’s ideas will be taken into consideration and will be able to get the best outcome. However this type of communication can be confusing for people with hearing impairments, as if a person is deaf, they focus on one person to do sign language so it’s not too confusing for them, but in a group, a lot of stuff can be misunderstood and would be too confusing. Communication between colleagues – Communicating with people at work is different that communicating with friends and family. This is because it is important to show respect to your work colleagues, as if this happens, you may fail to show respect to the people who use care services. Also colleagues have to develop trust with each other, and it’s important to show that you have respect for the confidentiality of a colleague. This type of communication is often informal but it is important that care workers use skilled communication in order to develop respect and trust. This type of communication is effective in health and social care, as it can boost productivity and improve employee satisfaction. Formal – Formal communication is quite common within health and social care work. This type of language shows resect to others and shows your powerfulness, however formal language can sometimes come across as being ‘too posh’ or pretentious. This type of language is understood by a wide range of people, however some ‘speech communities’ may find it hard to understand so care workers usually adjust the way they speak in order for them to understand. An example of formal language in a health and social care setting would be a social services desk, they may greet you with a ‘Good Morning, How may I help you?’ rather than ‘What you after then?’. It shows respect and makes the person they are speaking to feel more welcome. Informal – This type of communication is often used when we know them person we are speaking too, well, for example friends and family. These types of groups may use language that can only be understood between them, or local groups from particular areas may only use language that they understand. In health and social care this type of communication may only be used between staff. This is because if a care worker was to use informal language to a resident or patient, they may not understand or they may feel uncomfortable with how they are being spoken too. However if staff were to say to each other ‘hiya, how’s it goin’ they may just feel like this is a warm friendly greeting. Communication Forms: Communication enables us to give ideas and information. It helps people to feel safe, to form relationships and develop self-esteem. Text Messaging – This type of communication within a residential setting for people with learning and communication difficulties, would be effective as if a person is deaf, or with hearing impairments than text messaging things like doctor’s appointments would not only make sure that they are reminded, but also that they have understood properly. They also would be able to correct themselves if they have misunderstood a translator. Written Communication – This type of communication would be effective as when something is written down you can analyze it and change any mistakes or add anything in, which makes it reliable, whereas if you’re talking, changing your words all the time can be misinterpreted or it can cause service users to receive the wrong care or cause conflict between people. If a resident has autism for example, they find it difficult to form social relationships with people, so oral communication wouldn’t be as effective, whereas just writing something down could make them feel more comfortable. Oral Communication – This type of communication would be effective in this particular health and social care environment, as if there is a person with dyslexia, it may be easier to speak to them orally, and repeat yourself, for them to understand, rather than writing something down which they may not be  able to read properly and this may be easier for them to misinterpret what you’re trying to say. It is also used in many other care environments, like doctor’s surgeries, hospitals and old people’s homes. Oral communication in this environment would be effective as it enables care workers give important information quicker than written, and also explain medication so that the patient knows what to do. It can also help someone to gain trust for their doctor etc., as they will be able to comfort them through oral communication. Symbols – The use of symbols whether it be written or diagrams, all communicate different messages to people, such as traffic signs. In this particular setting, the use of Makaton will be used greatly, due to it helping people with learning disabilities, develop their language skills. Makaton may speak a word and perform a sign using hands and body language, and also there is a large range of symbols which also help people with learning disabilities communicate with others. Technology – Information technology helps to provide enlarged visual displays of voice descriptions for people with visual impairments. This type of communication can support the residents because there is also voice typing for people with dyslexia, which can turn speech into writing. Some of the electronic communication systems can be activated by air pressure, meaning that a person can communicate using an oral tube connected to computerized equipment. However a more simpler way of using technology to communicate would be things like flash cards or picture books, which will improve the communication for people who do not use a spoke language or signed language. Interpersonal interaction. Speech – Speaking clearly is essential when working with people with service users, as they may have problem with receiving or giving messages. Different localities, ethnic groups and work cultures all have their own words that they use; these may be referred to as different speech communities. Some people may feel threatened or excluded by these different speech communities. Some people think that just using formal language will solve the problem, but that is wrong, because care workers, who use jargon, can  also create barriers for people who are not part of that different speech community. So in this type of setting speech would be very important as if a person has learning disabilities or hearing impairments for example, then speaking clearly would allow them to lip read, and understand what is being said. First Language – This is the language in which you are brought up from birth to think and communicate with. People who learn a second language later on in life can’t communicate their thoughts as effectively as they can with their first language. This is usually the preferred language as they have been learned to think like that growing up. In a care setting, this type of interaction is important as if someone has learnt a different language, like polish for example, then their accent may change from their English accent, and make service users find what they are trying to say, hard to understand, as they have learning disabilities, they may get confused. Non-verbal communication – This type of communication is a way of studying a person so that you can understand whether they’re feeling sad, tired, happy, angry or frightened without speaking. It refers to the messages we are sending but without using words. These messages are sent by our eyes, tone of our voice, facial expressions, position of hands and arms, gestures with hands and arms, the angle of our head and body posture. This type of communication is important in health and social care because it allows the care worker to see if a person is feeling sad or If they care worker has suggested something, and the patient/resident agrees with what they have said, they may not be thinking that, and show this with their emotions, so then the care worker can see this and then adjust what they have said. It is important in this setting because people with learning disabilities like autism, find it difficult talking to people about their emotions, so care workers can interpret this and help them without them having to struggle, however a care worker may also interpret it in the wrong way and do the wrong things. Posture – The way that you sit or stand can make a difference to how a person receives messages from you. As a care worker you can sometimes be misinterpreted, as if you have your arms crossed it can mean ‘I’m not taking any notice’ but even if you just find it comfy, as a care worker you should never have your arms crossed, as it doesn’t make you look respectable.  Leaning back whilst sat down can send messages like your relaxed or bored. So sitting forward would make you look involved and like you are bothered and interested. This is important as a care worker, working with people with disabilities as they may already feel lonely etc. so when you are folding your arms and leaning back this can make them feel worse. Facial Expression – Your face can indicate your emotional state. If a care worker was listening to what a resident was saying, then it is important for the care worker to convey the right impression. If the care worker was to smile it would indicate agreement or approvement of the message being received, where as a scowl would indicate dis pleasure and disagreement. Most people can recognize emotions from others, but you also have to understand your nonverbal behavior may influence others. Touch – Touching another person can send messages of affection, care, power over them or sexual interest. To help you to understand what their touch may mean, the social setting and body language will play a massive part in helping you understand, however touch can be easily misinterpreted. A care worker may hold a person’s hand to reassure them and comfort them, but this can be interpreted as an attempt to dominate them. In health and social care, this type of interaction is helpful as it is a way of communication without words, for example if a person was unable to speak, they may have dyslexia, then touch would allow the care worker to communicate to them without having to speak or make them speak, if the resident was to need a bit of affection, to reassure them, they may touch the care worker for them to touch back, however making sure this is done in an appropriate manner. Proximity – This is the space between you and the person that you are communicating with. It shows how friendly or intimate the conversation is. There are different cultures which have different customs regarding the proximity between people when they are talking. In Britain there are expectations for how far you should be away from someone. An arm’s length away would be when talking to strangers, although shaking hands may bring you closer. Relatives and partners may not have restrictions as to how far or close they can come. In this setting, proximity is very important as if a care worker assumes that it is fine to enter the personal space of a service user, without asking or explaining why then this can be seen as dominating /or being aggressive. Communication and Language needs and preferences: the individuals preferred method of communication. It is important to understand that many people use different types of communication which are specific to them. If a person uses British Sign Language for example, it may be important to employ an interpreter. However some carer’s learn these things so that they are able to communicate with people. A person who is blind or has visual impairments may use braille as opposed to text, so that they can read information. British Sign Language – BSL is the preferred language for many deaf people within the UK. It was recognized as an official language for deaf people in 2003, which has led to funding and an increased awareness of the language and how much it helps deaf people to communicate. In this health and social care setting, BSL would be important for communicating to the residents who are deaf, as it is important to talk to them about their medication, needs or preferences. It’s also important for the care workers to be able to understand what the deaf people are trying to say, and so that the care workers understand what they want. Makaton – This is a language programme using signs and symbols to help people to communicate. It is mostly commonly used for people with learning disabilities, as it is designed to support spoken language and the signs and symbols are used with speech, in spoken word order, so that if the speech is unclear, the symbols may help a person to understand. So if the child or adult with the learning disability has trouble with their speech, Makaton will support this and then many people drop the signs and symbols naturally at their own pace as they develop speech, but some people use Makaton for their whole lives. Braille – Braille is used for people who are blind or visual impairments. It allows them to read text and write information. It is a system of raised marks that can be felt by the fingers. It can be processed by modern  computer software, and be printed out using special printers. It is effective as it allows the blind to be able to read and write through touch, meaning that they can communication with other people, important in health and social care, as they will be able to explain pain or read their own medication etc. Argyles Communication Cycle For communication to be effective it involves a two way process in which each person tries to understand the view point of the other person. Good communication involves the process of checking, understanding, and using reflective or active listening. An example of this would be when working with a resident and the care worker using touch when listening to a resident, as this can be shown as effective, and can show that the message was received and decoded, but this can be misinterpreted if not used in the right way. Another example would be if a care worker is explaining something to a patient, the patient will show understanding by nodding or using other nonverbal communication. This shows that the patient has received the message clearly and has understood the care worker, which will then allow the care worker to know that the patient is sure what has been said. This is important in this setting as people with learning disabilities find it more difficult to understand things, so sh owing understanding will allow the care worker to either help the resident or know that they understand the conversation. This is the communication cycle: 1 An idea occurs – You have an idea of what you want to communicate 2 Message coded – You think through how you are going to say what you are thinking. You put your thoughts into language or into some other code such as sign language. 3 Message sent – You speak or perhaps you sign, write, or send a message in some other way. 4 Message received – The other person has to sense your message, they hear your words or see your symbols. 5 Message decoded – The other person has to interpret your message. However this is not always easy as the other person may make assumptions about your words or  body language. 6 Message understood – If it all goes well then your ideas will be understood but it might not be the first time. Tuckman’s Stages of Group Interaction The communication within groups can be influenced by how people feel with each other. When people meet for the first time they often go through a process of group formation, which will allow them to communicate effectively. Tuckman’s theory is set into four stages: 1 Forming 2 Storming 3 Norming 4 Performing 1 – Forming is the first stage which involves group members to form a team or group discussion. At this stage the members would ask questions about the purpose or aims of the group and also share information. This stage is important because it allows people to exchange personal information and get to know each other. 2 – Storming is the second stage which involves the growth of the group. This stage eliminates the strong groups from the weaker ones, and some groups may not make it past this stage. The relationships will either be made or broken at this stage, it is important for the team to have a strong leadership at this stage. 3 – Norming is the third stage in which all the team agree on the rules and values by which they operate. They begin to trust each other and individuals may take greater responsibilities so the leader can now take a step back. Personal, intimate and realm opinions are expressed in this stage. 4 – Performing is the last stage and not all teams make it to this stage. Structural issues are resolved in this stage which allows roles to become flexible and functional and group energy is channeled into the task. There is a high level of respect in the group and they are more strategically aware of what is to be done.

My Journal Entry Week Essay

â€Å"Well that’s what we did with my kids and they turned out just fine.† Is a phrase that I have heard plenty of times over the years. I tend to be a very honest person no matter the situation or consequences so I have ticked off a lot of people over the years and have lost many of friends for being such an honest opinions or advice. I have three handsome and polite little boys. Well at least most of the time. Over the years I have been approached by parents of their friends that they go to school with and were asked if my boy could stay the night with their boy. Now don’t get me wrong I love sleepovers when they are done at my house or it is at a house of responsible mature parents. My oldest son just became a teen ager. How exciting right? Yea right now he constantly wants to go and stay with friends. These friends that he has are rotten, mean and ignorant boys. I know that it is not their fault but, their parents fault for how they are raised. I also know these parents as well and know what kind of parents they are and how they live their lives. One of the fathers to the boys called me a while back and wanted my son to come and stay the night with his boy. Not only did he call me while he was intoxicated but he lets his son drink as well. I told him no. He asked me why I was being so difficult about my son staying over I decided just to be brutally honest with him. He actually said these same words. â€Å"Well that’s what we did with my kids and they turned out just fine.† He must have thought I did not have access to a television because a few weeks earlier his oldest son was on the evening news for being drunk and being involved in a stabbing. I most certainly do not think they turned out just fine. For a case that this saying may be true in some cases would be if the parent was talking about their child taking an extra class or volunteering at shelter of some kind. When I was fourteen my parents always had me work in the summer to earn my own money. Not only did it not bother my future any but, made it much better by teaching me responsibility. Why is it important to utilize problem-solving techniques in exploring developmental issues, grounded in child development theory to explain and/or demonstrate a foundational knowledge of the children’s developmental continuum, from conception? Because there are many questions that need to be answer starting from birth until old age. Does baby dream? To stress at an older age. If scientist investigate all these  questions to find answers you may discover how to keep a baby calm when nothing else seems to work to how to help an aging parent hoe to remember simple things such as where they left their eye glasses. What makes scholarly research different from anecdotal evidence (or personal experience) in explaining child and adolescent development? [Hint: Consider the methodology of the articles you are reading.] Anecdotal evidence is evidence that comes from anecdotes. Anecdotal evidence is known to be suspicious and is not to be relied on. Scholarly research is research that is done by scholars and professionals that can show evidence that can be relied on. Identify and briefly describe the key points of one theory and why you feel that theory is applicable to child and/or adolescent development. I agree with the Erik Erikson that conflict is the major concept of human development when it comes to establishing an identity in life. If a child does not deal with the conflicts they may not be able to establish their role in life as easily as others or maybe not at all. This leads to a lot of confusion. Finally, relate the value of continued learning with a concluding reflection on why we should incorporate both personal experience and scholarly research grounded in theory to help support any statements made in this class or any other professional setting. I think it is important to have any and all evidence no matter what it may be. The more research and life lesson we learn the better we will learn in the future by learning from school and past mistakes. Mossler, R.A. (2011). Child and adolescent development. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. Endless Questions video About.com Psychology

Information Technology Essay

A technologically enabled organization is a technologically capable company. Data and information will be at the heart and information re-use shall be constant. In other word, everything is integrated, finance, services, customer files, support database, helpdesk, quality management, customer satisfaction, email, attachments†¦ The information both flow in and out where you can get an holistic view of every information, communication, exchange concerning a specific project that might affect multiple customers, or every bits and pieces of information that pertain to a specific customer. It is a an organization where you have a symbiosis between the customer, who request and the customer who contribute, again, idea bounce in and out and might potentially be shared among interest group, much like a social network, the organization being the enabler between various customers with similar issue, reason why they are the customer of organization XYZ. The information is on the ecommerce site, in the corporate portal, in the intranet, on the mobile phone, the communications are interactive and customers share whiteboard, desktop, files, document management with the organization. Every relation the organization have with its customer contact is managed through a unique ID assigned to each of those contact, nothing complex, maybe an OpenID since so many people already have them or a simple challenge response via SMS, Text Message, Email to login your customer/employee experience center†¦ I hope this will help you understand my perspective of a technologically enabled enterprise, it is a only a vision for now, but it might be the future, who knows 🙂 For now, to me, any subset of those features with integration within a specific business workflow would classify has a technology enabled organization. 2. How does an Organization acquire & disseminal knowledge? First respondent meant from technical perspective . data 1s and 0s .knowledge can be acquired by working in a domain . no other legitimate shortcut. both for a business and anindividual. it is the collective experience that resides in a non physical plane of existence.it can be imparted/propogated to others in the form of a processor documentation( paper or electronic ) or it will be ingrained in the team members even without documentation.this process or documentation should not be dependent on a single person. ie nobody should be indispensableincluding top leadership. many business entities thrive as leaders even without proper documentation of theirworking knowledge . it is ingrained in their employees& stakeholders.There are a number of ways, but all are connected with a common link-experienced workers need to share bestpractices. Formal Mentor programs encourage face to face meeting where mentors can monitor and validate theirprotege’s progress. Another method that we are implementing is wikis where we ask very specific questions andmonitor the responses. This has been a good way for the organization to share the collective knowledge anddefines our corporate culture. 3. Why do you suppose inquiry – only applications were developed instead of fully on lines system? Participation constraint – a participation constraint determines whether relationships must involve certain entities. An example is if every department entity has a manager entity. Participation constraints can either be total or partial. A total participation constraint says that every department has a manager. A partial participation constraint says that every employee does not have to be a manager. Overlap constraint – within an ISA hierarchy, an overlap constraint determines whether or not two subclasses can contain the same entity. Covering constraint – within an ISA hierarchy, a covering constraint determines where the entities in the subclasses collectively include all entities in the super class. For example, with an Employees entity set with subclasses Hourly Employee and Salary Employee, does every Employee entity necessarily have to be within either Hourly Employee or Salary Employee? Weak entity set – an entity that cannot be identified uniquely without considering some primary key attributes of another identifying owner entity. An example is including Dependent information for employees for insurance purposes. Aggregation – a feature of the entity relationship model that allows a relationship set to participate in another relationship set. This is indicated on an ER diagram by drawing a dashed box around the aggregation. Role indicator – If an entity set plays more than one role, role indicators describe the different purpose in the relationship. An example is a single Employ ee entity set with a relation Reports-To that relates supervisors and subordinates. 4. What kind of technology is least flexible? Most flexible? I would say that it is dependent on the licensing. The most flexible being that which comes from the Open Source family. At the root of it all, Open Source software allows any to read edit and redistribute any technology they encounter(based on the licensing). The closed source model, is exactly that closed, you can not even view the code usuallywithout first signing a non-disclosure agreement, if you can even see it at all. This means you can not audit thecode that may be entering your environment, nor can you make any real modifications or taylor it to your own specific needs. In the Software Industry an example of this is the adoption of Unix (Free BSD) by Apple to develop their Softwareon. The BSD licensing has been a favorite of big business due to its flexibility. However it would seem Apple hasshot themselves in the foot by alienating the open source community, the lack of support from Apple for theOpenDarwin project resulted in its end of life. This was a community who was actively contributing to the core of their Operating System for free. There is still a wealth of portable code that is available to anyone looking todevelop on their platform, however the closed source elements within due definitely inhibit growth. Linux is often deemed the champion of Open Source Software, however since its inception it has been a mixed bagof software licenses. This has been brought to light by the influx of lawsuits over the years, its licensing GPL may beless favorable for the corporate developer. 5. How does strategic planning differ between a firm that offers services & one that manufacturers a product? Is there a difference in the impact of technology on strategy in any two types of firms? The Strategic Planning Process So let’s step back and take a look at what an end-to-end product planning cycle might look like when integrated with the company’s strategic planning cycle. Assuming that a company resets its corporate strategy, financial plans, and product plans once per year, the planning process would ideally occur during the 3rd and 4th quarters of the fiscal year in preparation for the upcoming year. The five basic steps in the planning process (as depicted in figure 1) are: 1. Market review.  2. Financial review. 3. Corporate strategy. 4. Product strategy. 5. Product Roadmap and Release schedules. During the first step, product management presents a market review to executive management sharing facts on market trends and opportunities, key customer needs, and competitor moves and positions. Though product management will keep tabs throughout the year on many of these items, this is the opportunity to update the information to make sure it is complete and current. Other functions may be invited to provide their perspectives on the market and customers as well. During the financial review phase, the finance organization presents results on the financial performance for the company overall, for its sales channels and for its products. Providing revenue and profitability by product is critical to making good product decisions and developing effective strategies. The next step is where the company’s executive team outlines its corporate strategy in terms of its vision, financial goals and its plan for achieving those goals. The corporate strategy should be explicitly presented to the product management team to facilitate development of a product strategy. For some smaller businesses, steps 3 and 4 may be combined into a single step. During step 4, product management develops its product strategy considering market dynamics, customer needs, financial goals, and corporate strategy. It specifies what changes to the products are needed and indicates the financial plan for each product area. The product strategy should be reviewed by the executive team to ensure alignment with the corporate strategy before proceeding to the next step. The final step involves the development of a product roadmap and more detailed release plans for the coming quarters consistent with the product strategy. This roadmap becomes the official â€Å"product plan of record† and should be managed with formal change control procedures. This step is executed at the conclusion of the annual planning cycle and is repeated every 3 or 4 months to allow responses to changing market conditions and deployment schedules and should be re-approved by executive management.

Businesses Approach To the Use of Primary and Secondary Research Essay

Businesses Approach To the Use of Primary and Secondary Research - Essay Example This paper illustrates that the data gathered is put into use by a third party. In essence, it remains abroad and a diffuse data in a contained toolbox, since it does contain any virtual information useful in any market research context. The information is also very important since a large number of the organizations utilize it as they strive to improve their operations in the market. It is an all-purpose market tool, and the corporate board is always at the dispensation of seeking its reference for the sake of comparison of the market trends. It also remains the most accessible form of market research, which is also cheap in relation to the cost. The internal secondary research will entail any information that is gathered anywhere in the environmental angles of the firm. It includes categories such as sales report, the customer databases, ay past report of the primary market research. A sales report will break and dispense information in categories of region, times and the sales ext ent. Sometimes they can also give analytical reports of the distribution channels, discounts extents, and target customers categories. Databases will contain the description of the customer’s data. The primary market research will contain survey or focus group’s result that is done in the previous years. External research entails any information that is gathered by the commercial vendors, government agencies, and other diverse sources. Of utmost importance is a syndicated report, which tends to compile the data with the use of libraries, data calls, and other databases. Concisely, they aim at selling the information to as many firms as possible. The information has passed through the analyst's hands hence it is reliable.

How have the criminal justice system evolved Research Paper

How have the criminal justice system evolved - Research Paper Example Criminal justice system forms an essential part of the society in every country. Enforcements of the laws, courts and corrections are the major components of the system, where every part has their individual responsibilities and has to work independently keeping in focus the effects of their decisions on the other parts as well as on the human societies as well. The Anglo-Saxons and the Tithing system are known to be the oldest system as far as criminal justice is concerned. In this system, a division of civil government involving ten families launched the standard of cooperative liability for preserving law and order. The ten families were referred to as the tithings (Hess & Orthmann, 2011, pp.1-7). Hue and cry was referred to the shout by a citizen by whom any crime has been witnessed. This would be followed by grabbing the attention of any other individuals present in the scene who might chase the offender and catch him if possible. It was considered as a general alarm leading to citizen’s arrest. In 1066, the Norman Frankpledge System came into existence that demanded for loyalty to the law set by the king and communal neighborhood accountability of all free Englishmen to uphold tranquility. In the twelfth century, the enforcement of law was developed into a public matter by Leges Henrici. The jury system was established by Henry II in 1154 where people had to give information to a judges panel in regard to any crime that has taken place (Hess & Orthmann, 2011, pp.7-8). The current system of criminal justice has been based much on the Magna Carta which refers to a â€Å"decisive document in the development of constitutional government in England that checked royal power and placed the king under the law† (Hess & Orthmann, 2011, p.9). This document involved the rights of the individuals and rested the establishment for necessitating leaders to support the law; forbade taxation lacking illustration; obligatory outstanding procedure

Arguement-memo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Arguement-memo - Essay Example You will note from my discussion that after intensive research on this debate I arrived at the conclusion that much, if not most opposition stems from a few who in a sense are praying on vulnerable consumers by appealing to their sense of ethics and frightening them using science, when in reality they are attacking the multinational companies involved in the production of GM crops. I recommend that multinationals take stock of Monsanto’s pledge which proposes advocating five commitments: respect, transparency, dialogue, sharing, and benefits. By doing so they will be better equipped to curb opposing assumptions and hearsay and at the same time better equip consumers to make their own judgments and make up their own minds as to the safety and whether they consume GM food. GM food has incited intense open debate, extensive scientific dialogue and widespread media coverage. This memo will summarize the pros and cons of the issue, address the main strengths and weaknesses of both sides and wrap up with three or four recommendations. Although there has been an enormous amount of information on the possible benefits of GM food supplied by scientists and other specialists, and authorities, there is fervent consumer opinion that genetically modified (GM) food yields, could lead to unfavorable results in a variety of areas. Arguments have focused on the â€Å"health implications and environmental impact of cultivating GM crops and have raised disputes over national interests, global policy, and corporate agendas.† (Hsin, 2002, para.1) Although there are a number of facets to this dispute, it should be kept in the perspective of scientific evidence, together with a vigilant consideration of agricultural potential now and in the future. Proponents of GM food claim they are more nutritious and aesthetically pleasing as well as possessing a longer shelf life allowing more time for administration and transportation. They purport that GM crops undergo

Organisations in global environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Organisations in global environment - Essay Example External environment is made up of the outside institutions and forces that have a real or potential interest or effect on the ability of the organization to attain its objectives. These institutions include political, competitive, technological and legal (Kalmi & Klinedinst, 2006). The environmental factors have been divided by researchers as specific and general environment. The difference between the two is the level of directness of effects. The specific environment comprises of suppliers, customers, competitors, distributors, government and union. The general environment is composed of some forces like technological, economic, political, environmental, cultural and international. All the above mentioned forces can lead to uncertainty in an organization. They affect the complexities, richness and dynamism of an organization’s environment. The complexity of an environment is the complicated relationship between the forces that the organization can manage. The dynamism of an environment is the changing speed of forces that affect an organization. The environmental riches are the amount of resources that are in support of an organization. The three forces exist together, are mutual and their linking level build uncertainty for the organizations. The transformation into the 21st century is seen as a big change. The world is with no clear borders, where everything is almost prepared in anyplace. With the interference of the national boundaries, it is approximated that the world trade will increase by as much as 1600 percent in 40 years and speed of innovation and the increased level of goods are beyond any imagination. For instance, Sony launching three new products every hour and Disney is making a new product after every 5 minutes. Today there is a period of information or instant exchanges. With media exploration,

Defining concept of design thinking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Defining concept of design thinking - Essay Example an a branch of career study which applies the sensitivity, creativity and innovativeness as well as coming up with executions and implementation strategy in order to bring out satisfaction of the consumers who intends to use the product and to cope up with the market competition. 3. Choose examples exploring the current literature on design thinking, its influences and its critiques and relate it to real world application of design thinking used as a strategic tool in business leadership. Some technological companies such as Google and Apple have in the recent past given room for about 20% of their employees to think and come out with their ideas in improving their services and the goods for the case of Google. For many consumers in the market the need is full satisfaction in which consumers need new products with development in operations. Design thinking has much influence on the profitability of the company. Taking for instance phone applications, most consumers will go for those phones with many features as compared to those with fewer features. These features are some of the products of ideas which in this case is design thinking. In addition design thinking brings about competition among the companies thereby resulting in high quality products. Of course there is aspect of critics coming from the social side. Most of the design thinking are associated with the destruction of the environment, exploitation due to high demand of the input place in implementing the se ideas. When we take for example the motor vehicle industry such as the Lamborghini which is a current design thinking product is very expensive as compared to other cars which are not highly designed but it is surprising to note that the raw materials are just the same. This makes us to believe that the increase in price is due to the designing services. Most of business strategic plans are based on the applications of the ideas from the management and other employees. After depict of clear

Please High Quality Writing in Anthropology Essay

Please High Quality Writing in Anthropology - Essay Example The archeologists named the creature â€Å"homo floresiensis†. It was dated to be about 18,000 years old (Townsley et al 2010). The hobbit, was the size of a three year old child. However, the remains were of a fully grown female of the species. The archeologists also discovered stone tools and butchered remains of pygmy elephants. This implied that the hobbits, in their existence, used fire and were hunters. The magnitude of their activities is however inconsistent with the size of their brains. The creatures brain was smaller than that of a chimpanzee and it therefore becomes difficult to comprehend how such small creatures, with such a small brain, were able to do such sophisticated activities. Upon further investigation, scientists discovered that the anatomy of the creature was similar and resembled that of our early ancestors in Africa which were in existence over three million years ago. The intrigue of this is the fact that this creature lived more recently as compared to the ancestors in Africa. In addition, anthropologist Matt Tocheri found that the wrist bones of the creature had a resemblance to those of the African apes (Nasht et al 2009). Another anthropologist, Bill Jungers, discovered that the bones of the creature were fitting together with those of â€Å"Lucy†, the most celebrated African fossil. The discovery of the â€Å"homo floresiensis† shows the probability of a new human species in existence. In season 37, the NOVA series aired a three part episode entitled â€Å"Becoming Human†. This 3-part series was linked to the â€Å"Alien from Earth† episode because of the resemblance of the â€Å"homo floresiensis† to â€Å"Lucy†, as will be discussed. The

Child abuse Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Child abuse - Assignment Example Children abused by family members who should be protecting them often lose trust for adults. Additionally, cultural values may restrict members from talking about sexual activities, making it more difficult for the child. The abused child may blame themselves for the abuse and as such may take long to talk to anyone about it. As a result, the abuse may go on for weeks, even months, before anyone knows about the atrocity. Abuse affects the child’s emotional, psychological, social and physical aspects of life which includes increased risk for depression, poor or lack of self esteem and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Avoidance of grilling the child for every detail or asking many questions, as this may overwhelm them. Instead, they should gently ask open-ended questions; at the same time reassuring the child that their secret is safe. The child should be taken to a pediatric hospital for check up of possible damage to the sexual organs. Furthermore, an experienced mental health professional should be contacted to help the child cope with trauma Teaching the child basic sexual education is important. Alternatively, a health professional could be engaged where the child learns accurate names given to private parts and how to take care of them so as to minimize reliance on older children or adults for help. Sexual advances from anybody should be discouraged, as well as inappropriate touching. Encouraging them to can make decisions concerning their bodies, for instance saying â€Å"no† when they do not want to be touched is important. Communication is an important part of developing trust with the child. Encouraging the child to ask questions when in doubt about sexual advances makes the child feel protected and is more likely to report any abuse. Child sex abuse occurs within family settings with a majority of the abused children being unable to report the atrocity, probably due to the trust they had on the perpetrator. Child sex abuse

Industrial Waste Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Industrial Waste - Essay Example Both criminals and legitimate entrepreneurs sense handsome profits from this excess of hazardous waste, from steering a flow of harmful substances along the path of least resistance toward what they hope will be a final resting place. "I'd slash my wrists if I didn't think that there is enough greed in the world to find someone to take Philadelphia's trash," said one official of that city (Perks, 1986). All too often, however, the waste ends up in poor communities, migrating within the United States from the industrial Northeast to the more rural South; or in Great Britain, from England to Wales. Similarly, on the world stage, hazardous waste from the industrialised nations frequently has a one-way ticket to the developing world. Some Africans have even equated the traffic in toxic waste to the slave trade, although the direction has been reversed: the toxic substances that the industrialised world wishes to discard now flow to the developing world. More than 3 million tons of wastes were shipped from the industrialised world to less-developed nations between 1986 and 1988, according to the environmental organisation Greenpeace (Portney, 1991). Sometimes the deals were made with the approval of governments, sometimes not. The amounts of money to be earned from waste imports were so large that despite the health and environmental risks, some impoverished nations felt they could not refuse to enter this trade. The West African nation of Guinea-Bissau, for example, hoped to make $120 million a year, more than its total annual budget, by agreeing to store industrial wastes from other countries, until public protest over the hazards involved forced the government to back out. A series of odysseys in the late 1980s first drew worldwide attention to the issue of waste exports. Ships laden with hazardous wastes were refused admittance by country after country and, with their cargoes of poison still aboard, sent back to roam the seas. The gravest danger to less developed countries, however, stems not from vagabond ships carrying deadly cargo, but from the legal, routine shipments of "recyclable" wastes: mercury residue, lead-acid batteries, and other refuse from which valuable materials are extracted by low-paid Third World laborers and then reprocessed or sold for reuse. This extraction often takes place in plants filled with choking fumes and lead dust, where workplace safety rules and enforcement are far less stringent than those in the First World. Both the workers and the people living near these factories are threatened as a consequence of this legal recycling trade. According to industry estimates, at least 70 million automobile batteries were discarded in the United States each year during the 1990s, a figure that translates to roughly 70 million gallons of sulfuric acid and more than a billion pounds of lead. Although the United States has one of the world's safest and most sophisticated systems for recycling its used batteries, anywhere from 10 to 20 percent of them end up dumped unceremoniously by the side of a road, thrown away with the regular garbage or just left in a garage and forgotten. Of the 80 percent or more that are recycled, a substantial number are sent overseas, where they are smashed apart, melted down in lead smelters like those in Brazil and poured into

Analysis of Poetry Essay Example for Free

Analysis of Poetry Essay This Unit Activity will help you meet these educational goals: 21st Century Skills—You will use critical-thinking and problem-solving skills and communicate effectively. Introduction In this activity, you will read and analyze three poems by different poets and examine the similarities and differences among them. __________________________________________________________________________ Directions and Analysis Task 1: Read and Analyze Poetry Read these poems, which revolve around the ideas of darkness and the night: Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night by Dylan Thomas Acquainted with the Night by Robert Frost We Grow Accustomed to the Dark by Emily Dickinson Read the poems a few times, noting each one’s theme, mood, form, structure, rhyme scheme, and use of imagery and figurative language. Use the provided table to record your analysis. Type your response here: â€Å"Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night† â€Å"Acquainted with the Night† â€Å"We Grow Accustomed to the Dark† theme Mortality Isolation To â€Å"find the light† imagery Sunrise and sunset Loneliness figurative language Their frail deeds might have danced in a green bay Personification and rhyming Darkness and light mood Somber desperation Discomfort Sadness form Villanelle Iambic pentameter Lyric poem meter, structure, and rhyme scheme five three-line stanzas and a sixth stanza with four lines Terza rima, ABABCBCDCDADAA, Italian form Rhythm is similar throughout, but changes from eight and six syllable lines to seven and six syllables to seven and six syllables. Task 2: Make Comparisons Write a 250-500-word essay describing the similarities and differences you found in the poems. Address the following points in your essay: Examine how the subject of darkness is used in each of the three poems. How has each poet woven the central idea of the poem around the subject? Compare and contrast the figurative devices used in each poem. How do they affect the mood and relate to the theme of the poem? Point out the differences in style and tone, including the choice of words. Which poem do you think has the greatest overall impact on readers? Which one communicates its message most directly and effectively? Which poem appeals most to you? Give reasons to explain your answers. As with any essay, this essay should be structured into paragraphs, with a clear introduction, a body, and a conclusion. Arrange your ideas logically and group them into paragraphs, using suitable words to mark transitions between ideas. Remember to provide textual evidence from the poems for your opinions. Type your response here: The similar ideas of dark and night appear in works by Emily Dickinson, Dylan Thomas, and Robert Frost, but the meaning of the two concepts in context of the literary works differ greatly. In Emily Dickinson’s â€Å"We Grow Accustomed to the Dark†, Dylan Thomas’ â€Å"Do Not Go Gentle into that Good Night†, and Robert Frost’s â€Å"Acquainted with the Night† the theme of night and darkness is compared and contrasted through the literary elements of point of view, imagery, and structure. The concept of darkness and night is portrayed through the use of point of view. In each of these poems, the poet writes in the first tense, giving the reader a sense that the narrator has personally experienced the presence of the symbolic â€Å"darkness† and â€Å"night†. However, while â€Å"We Grow Accustomed to the Dark† is written in a plural point of view, â€Å"Acquainted with the Night† is written in a singular view, and â€Å"Do Not Go Gentle into that Good Night† is from the speaker point of view. This gives a differing meaning to dark and night between these poems, because although Dickinson’s plural poem encompasses humanity as a whole, showing the dark to be a natural point in life, Frost’s poem depicts the night his character is experiencing as a lonely, solitary happening, and Thomas’ poem shows loneliness and wanting for companionship. The differences in these poems help to show night as a more unnatural and depressing experience than the dark that happens to everyone. __________________________________________________________________________ Evaluation Your teacher will use these rubrics to evaluate the completeness of your work as well as the clarity of thinking you exhibit. Task 1: Read and Analyze Poetry Criteria Distinguished (4 points) Provides a complete and accurate analysis of each poem Exhaustively lists instances of figurative language and use of imagery Provides a concise but compelling description of the mood and theme of each poem Proficient (3 points) Provides a complete and largely correct analysis of each poem Lists most instances of figurative language and use of imagery Provides an effective description of the mood and theme of each poem Developing (2 points) Provides a complete analysis of the poems with some inaccuracies Lists some instances of figurative language and use of imagery Provides a passable description of the mood and theme of each poem Beginning (1 point) Provides an incomplete analysis of the poems with some inaccuracies Lists only a few instances of figurative language and use of imagery Attempts to describe the mood and theme of the poems Task 2: Make Comparisons Criteria Distinguished (4 points) Thoroughly addresses all the points mentioned Effectively compares how the subject has been woven into the central idea in the three poems Thoroughly evaluates and compares the effect of figurative language and imagery in the poems Insightfully compares the style and impact of the poems Provides strong textual evidence to support opinions Structures the essay exceptionally well, has a compelling introduction and conclusion, and uses transitions to enhance the organization of ideas Consistently uses correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation throughout Proficient (3 points) Adequately addresses most of the points mentioned Effectively compares how the subject has been woven into the central idea in the three poems Adequately evaluates and compares the effect of figurative language and imagery in the poems Effectively compares the style and impact of the poems Provides adequate textual evidence to support opinions Structures the essay well, has a meaningful introduction and conclusion, and uses transitions effectively Largely uses correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation Developing (2 points) Adequately addresses some of the points mentioned Compares how the subject has been woven into the central idea in the three poems Evaluates and compares the effect of figurative language and imagery in the poems to some extent Compares the style and impact of the poems Provides some textual evidence to support opinions Structures the essay into paragraphs, has an introduction and a conclusion, and uses transition words Makes a few mistakes in grammar, spelling, and punctuation Beginning (1 point) Marginally addresses some of the points mentioned and omits others Attempts to compare how the subject has been woven into the central idea in the three poems Inadequately describes the effect of figurative language and imagery in the poems Attempts to compare the style and impact of the poems Does not provide textual evidence to support opinions Does not structure the essay well and does not use transitions effectively Makes several mistakes in grammar, spelling, and punctuation

Burglary of a Dwelling Conviction

Burglary of a Dwelling Conviction MEMORANDUM TO: Senior Partner FROM: Associate RE: George Bailey Burglary of a dwelling conviction DATE: July 11, 2016[FEC1] ISSUES PRESENTED Under Florida case law[FEC2], entering is an element of burglary. Entering qualifies as any [FEC3]body part and is not secluded to the whole body. Defendant put his arm through an open garage window to commit a burglary[FEC4]. Did Defendant meet the element of entering as it pertains to the burglary statute? Under Florida statute, dwelling is an element of burglary. For any building to be considered a dwelling, the property in which it resides must have curtilage[FEC5]. Curtilage is some form of enclosure surrounding a property. While standing on the neighbors property, Defendant burglarized[FEC6] a detached garage on a property that was enclosed on three sides, with the fourth side open. Did Defendant meet the element of dwelling as it pertains to the burglary statute?[FEC7] BRIEF ANSWERS Yes. Florida law defines entering as intrusion of any body part to commit the crime. An arm fits the definition of any body part because it is part of the body and can be used to commit the crime. Therefore, an arm qualifies as an entering body part under Florida law. No. Florida law states that a property in which a dwelling resides must [FEC8]have curtilage, and curtilage was [FEC9]defined as any form of enclosure surrounding a property. A detached garage would not be a dwelling, if its property is not surrounded by some form of an enclosure. Therefore, a detached garage on a property without curtilage would not qualify as a dwelling under Florida law[FEC10]. STATEMENT OF FACTS Mr. George Bailey has been convicted [FEC11]of burglary of a dwelling and is seeking help with his conviction. Mr. Bailey is an unemployed thirty-four year old male, who has resided at 320 Sycamore Street, Bailey Park Florida 33430 for nine years with his wife and four young children. He has been unemployed for approximately two years[FEC12]. Mr. Bailey seeks the help of counsel with his conviction of burglary of a dwelling. Specifically, the conviction of burglary as it pertains to Florida law. On May 27, 2016, Mr. Bailey was driving in the residential area of Pottersville looking for thrown out furniture to refurbish and resell. He came across a home with patio furniture sitting out on the curb for trash pickup,[FEC13] and decided to load it onto his truck. Before getting back into his truck, he glanced around for anything else to pick up. He then saw an electric sander sitting on a workbench inside an open garage window of the neighbors house, Mr. Ernie Bishop. Mr. Bailey advised, that he wanted the sander because most of his tools needed to be replaced and the small sander would allow for more refinishing of furniture than sanding by hand. The side of Mr. Bishops property[FEC14]where the garage is located, is lined with a short hedged wall[FEC15], which he thought would conceal him from being seen when taking the sander. Still standing on the property of the neighbors home, he reached over the hedge wall and into the partly open window with his arm, took the sander, and went back to his truck. Minutes later, he was stopped by police and arrested for burglary of a dwelling. Mr. Bailey was arrested on May 27, 2016[FEC16]at approximately 8:35 p.m. He was booked at approximately 9:00 p.m. on the same day, and was convicted of burglary of a dwelling with a $2,000.00 bond. He conviction is to be heard in front of a judge.[FEC17] DISCUSSIONN[FEC18] Mr. George Bailey will unlikely to be convicted [FEC19]of burglary of a dwelling, because[FEC20]although he meets the entry and intent elements[FEC21], he doe[FEC22]s not meet the element of dwelling because Mr. Ernie Bishops property does not have curtilage. In Florida, burglary is e[FEC23]ntering a dwelling, a structure, or a conveyance with the intent to commit an offense therein, unless the premises are at the time open to the public or the defendant is licensed or invited to enter . . . . Fla. Stat. Ann. ÂÂ § 810.02(1)(b)(1) (LexisNexis Effective July 1, 2016). To be convicted of burglary of a dwelling[FEC24]the prosecution would have to [FEC25]prove that Mr. Bailey meets the elements of entering, dwelling, and intent. The exceptions to the rule, are if the property was open to the public, if Mr. Bailey was a licensed professional performing work on the property, or if Mr. Bailey was a social guest invited onto the property.[FEC26] These exceptions were not factors in Mr. Baileys case. At the time of the burglary, Mr. Bishops property was not open to the public. It is a privately owned home located in a residential area of Pottersville. Additionally, Mr. Bailey did not personally know Mr. Bishop, nor was he hired by Mr. Bishop to perform any type of professional services. Mr. Bailey meets the intent element because he testified [FEC27]that his intention was to take the sander without being seen. Florida law states that proof of the entering of such structure or conveyance at any time stealthily and without consent of the owner or occupant thereof is prima facie evidence of entering with intent to commit an offense. Fla. Stat. Ann. ÂÂ § 810[FEC28].07(1) (LexisNexis 2016). In the Baker case, the Court used defendants stealthy entry [FEC29]as an evidentiary tool to establish the proof of intent to commit burglary. Baker v. State, 636 So. 2d 1342, 1344 (Fla. 1994). Therefore, by intending to steal the sander without anyone seeing him, Mr. Bailey used the coverage from the hedges to sneak his arm into the garage, which provides sufficient evidence to meet the intent element. Thus, the elements at issue here are entering and dwelling. Mr. Bailey meets the element of entering within the meaning of the burglary [FEC30]statute because he used his arm to take the sander from the window, and using any body part establishes entry. The entering element, is defined through case law. The Court states, [FEC31]the unqualified use of the word enter in a burglary statute does not confine its applicability to intrusion of the whole body but includes insertion of any part of the body or of an instrument designed to effect the contemplated crime. Polk v. State, 825 So. 2d 478, 479 (Fla. App. 2002).[FEC32]; see also Spearman v. State, 366 So. 2d 775[FEC33](Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1978). Therefore, the issue at hand is whether Mr. Baileys arm provides sufficient evidence to establish the element of entering.[FEC34] Therefore, the entering element is satisfied when any body part enters a dwelling[FEC35]. Polk, 825 So. 2d 478[FEC36], 479. In the Polk case, the Defendant used his arm to unlatch a window in order to commit burglary. Id. The Court held that intrusion of any body part is sufficient enough to satisfy the entry of a dwelling within the meaning of the burglary statute. Id. at 480. Consequently, the element of entering is met when a person enters with any part of their [FEC37]body. Spearman, 366 So. 2d 775. In Spearman, the Defendant went to the front door and upon the door opening, struck the resident in the face. Id. The Defendant was ultimately charged with burglary and assault. Id. With respect to the burglary charge, the Court held that[FEC38]although his whole body did not enter the home, he entered when his arm and hand reached into the doorway and struck the resident. Id. at 776. The entry of any body part provided sufficient evidence for a conviction of burglary. Id. [FEC39] In this [FEC40]case, and similar to Polk and Spearman, where a part of the accuseds body entered a garage or a home, here, Mr. Bailey used a part of his body, his arm, to take the sander from an open window. As the Court held that intrusion of any body part is sufficient to establish an entry, Mr. Bailey meets the element of entering because[FEC41]as he stood in the neighbors property he entered Mr. Bishops property when he put his arm through Mr. Bishops garage window. Therefore, the entry of his arm would provide sufficient evidence to meet the entering element. Polk, 825 So. 2d 478; Spearman, 366 So. 2d 775. Thus, when Mr. Baileys arm to reach into Mr. Bishops open garage window while standing on the neighbors property, he satisfied the entering element because a part of his body entered Mr. Bishops property. [FEC42] Mr. Bailey does not meet the dwelling element within the meaning of the burglary statute because he burglarized [FEC43]a detached garage on a property that does not have curtilage. Florida law defines a dwelling [FEC44]as a building or conveyance of any kind, including any attached porch, whether such building or conveyance is temporary or permanent, mobile or immobile, which has a roof over it and is designed to be occupied by people lodging therein at night, together with the curtilage thereof. Fla. Stat. Ann. ÂÂ § 810.011(2) (LexisNexis 2016[FEC45]). The issue in Mr. Baileys case is whether[FEC46] the detached garage is considered a dwelling. A dwelling is established, when the property in which the dwelling resides has curtilage. [FEC47]Curtilage is a dwelling element that must be met. [FEC48]Florida law states that some form of an enclosure . . . must be present surrounding a residence to be considered part of the curtilage. . . . State v. Hamilton, 660 So. 2d 1038, 1045 (Fla. 1995). Additionally with regards to unattached structures, case law states that not having a form of barrier around extended residence of the curtilage, falls short of bringing unattached structures within the curtilage of the home. Martinez v. State, 700 So. 2d 142, 144 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1997). Accordingly, when there is no form of enclosure[FEC49], a property does not have curtilage. Hamilton, 660 So. 2d 1038, 1045. In Hamilton, the Defendant attempted to burglarize outboard motors from a boat located on an unfenced backyard. Id. at 1039.The backyard was not enclosed by a fence, shrubs, or any form of a barrier. Id. Although there were a few spaced out trees around the property, the Court held that the property did not have curtilage and therefore[FEC50] the evidence did not support a conviction of burglary of a dwelling. Id. at 1046. Moreover, curtilage does not exist when the enclosure of a property does not surround all sides. Martinez, 700 So. 2d 142, 144. In Martinez, Defendant burglarized a sander from a detached garage, which had a driveway connecting the garage to the street. [FEC51]Id. at 143. The detached garage was located between the main house and the neighbors house. Id[FEC52]. Additionally, there was a fence bordering only two sides of the property[FEC53]. Id. The Court held that [FEC54]actual barriers are needed around the residence and unattached structures, to make it part of a curtilage of a home. Id. at 144. Therefore, the detached garage was not a dwelling because it was located on a property that did not have curtilage. Id. As such, the Defendant could not be convicted of burglary of a dwelling. Id. Specifically, a property has curtilage when an enclosure surrounds a property regardless [FEC55]of an opening for a driveway. Dubose v. State, 75 So. 3d 383, 385 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2011). In Dubose, Defendants entered a property surround by a chain-linked fenced to commit burglary and fired bullets into the house. Id. at384, 385. The property was fenced in on all sides, with an opening for the driveway in the front. Id. at385. The Court held that an enclosure did not have to be completely closed to allow an opening for the driveway, and the open driveway did not prevent the property from having curtilage. Id. As such, the property satisfied the enclosure requirement for curtilage. [FEC56]Id. Furthermore, a property surrounded with enclosures has curtilage even with an opening at the driveway. Jacobs v. State, 41 So. 3d 1004, 1006 (Fla. App. 2010). Defendant burglarized [FEC57]aluminum siding from a vacant home surrounded by a fence. Id. at 1005. The property contained a fenced in yard on three sides, and a low-wall stoop at the front yard with an opening for the driveway. Id. at 1006. The Court held that the property had sufficient enclosure of some form to establish curtilage because all sides of the property were enclosed and an open driveway need not be part of the enclosure[FEC58]. Id. Now, [FEC59]in the instant case, a property does not have curtilage when there is no form of an enclosure surrounding the property. Mr. Bishops property has a chain-link fence in the backyard, a short hedge wall on one side, a short stone wall at the front of the property, and no barrier at all on the other side of the property.[FEC60]The Court in Hamilton, did not find the several unevenly spaced trees as sufficient enough evidence to support curtilage. Hamilton, 660 So. 2d 1038, 1047. Therefore, if having separated trees as an enclosure is not enough evidence for curtilage then, here, in the instant case not having a barrier at all is no evidence for curtilage. Similar to Hamilton, where the property lacked sufficient enclosure on part of the property, here, Mr. Bishops property lacks an enclosure on one side of the property, which lacks curtilage. Therefore, like in Hamilton, a court would find Mr. Bishops partly open property to lack curtilage. Analogously, a property lacks curtilage when it is not enclosed on all sides. Mr. Bishops property consists of a chain-link fence along the backyard, a line of three-foot hedges along the side of the property where the detached garage is located, and a short stone wall along the front yard with the driveway open. There is no boarder on the fourth side of Mr. Bishops property, that side is completely open. [FEC61]In Martinez, the Court held that not having a barrier surrounding the property, including the detached structures of a property, fall[s] short of bringing unattached structures within the curtilage of the home. Martinez, 700 So. 2d 142, 145. Almost similar to [FEC62]Martinez, where the property was enclosed on only two sides, here, Mr. Bishops property was enclosed on only three sides. Consequently, the lack of a boarder surrounding that fourth side of Mr. Bishops property, would deem the entire property, including the detached garage, as not having curtilage. Therefore, in t he instant case, the detached garage would not be considered a dwelling because its property is not enclosed on one side, which lacks curtilage. Nevertheless, a property has curtilage even when there is an opening for the driveway. In the instant case, among other types of enclosures around Mr. Bishops property, there is a short-stone wall at the front of the property with an opening for the driveway. In Dubose, the Court held that an enclosure need not be continuous . . . and that an unenclosed opening for ingress and egress does not preclude a determination that the yard is included in the curtilage of a house. Dubose, 75 So. 3d 385. Although, Dubose and Mr. Bishops properties are similar in that both have a low-walled stoop [FEC63]at the front of the property with an opening for the driveway, there is a difference as to the remaining sides of the properties to the cases respectively. In contrast to Dubose, where the remaining sides of the property were enclosed by a chain-link fence, here, in the instant case one of the remaining sides of Mr. Bishops property lacks some form of enclosure. [FEC64]Therefore, the unenclosed s ide of Mr. Bishops property, would lack evidence to satisfy curtilage to a dwelling. As such, the property where the detached garage is located would not have curtilage, and therefore the garage would not be considered a dwelling. Additionally, curtilage exist when an enclosed property has an open driveway. In the [FEC65]instant case, Mr. Bishops front yard has a short, stone wall with no gate in the driveway. In Jacobs, the Court held that the yard was delineated by some form of enclosure, and this enclosure included the opened driveway. Jacobs, 41 So 3d 1006. Although similar to Jacobs, where the property contained a low-walled stoop' with an open driveway, [FEC66]here, in the instant case Mr. Bishop also has a low stone wall with open driveway, however the main difference is the remaining sides of the properties. Id. In contrast, the property in Jacobs was fenced in on the remaining three sides, while in the instant case, Mr. Bishops property had enclosures on only two of the three remaining sides. Therefore, although Mr. Bishops front yard with the open driveway would still establish curtilage (on a fully enclosed property), having one side of the property without some form of enclosure does not provide cu rtilage. As such, Mr. Bishops property does not have curtilage. Since, Mr. Bailey burglarized [FEC67]a detached garage on a property that was not enclosed on all sides, it does not have curtilage, and therefore does not meet the dwelling element. CONCLUSION To be convicted of burglary of a dwelling, intent, entry, and dwelling are elements that must be met. Mr. Bailey satisfies the intent element because he had the intention of stealing the sander by hiding and reaching over the hedges. Mr. Bailey also satisfies the entry element because while standing at the neighbors property, his arm went into Mr. Bishops property through the open garage window. [FEC68]Mr. Bailey does not satisfy the dwelling element because the detached garage was located on a property that was not enclosed on all sides, which lacks curtilage. All elements of burglary of a dwelling must be met in order to be convicted. Although, Mr. Bailey meets the entry and intent elements, he does not meet the dwelling element [FEC69]due to the lack of curtilage on the property, and therefore would not be convicted of burglary of a dwelling. Grade grid below Section Possible Points Points Earned Comments Style/Format 4 3 Dont end page with headers Citations 5 2.5 Major problem with short cites. Also had improper jurisdictional references. Quotations 2 2 Writing 14 9 At times, writing clear and other times awkward and wordy. Be careful with word selection. Commas are a problem. ISSUES PRESENTED 4 2 Not precise enough as indicated. Rule is really rule of burglary: burglary occurs when a defendant enters a dwelling with intent to commit a crime. Then go to facts on entry. Same rule then goes in sub issue B. BRIEF ANSWERS 4 2 Incorrect legal standard and inadequate explanation of answer STATEMENT OF FACTS 5 2.5 In addition to comments, curtilage requires review of fencing or walls, so need those facts. Should also have fact that Bishop identified sander in truck. DISCUSSION SECTION Main C and Rule 7 5.5 See comments. A. Entry Total 15 12 Organization/CREAC Structure 2 2 Rule 3 2.5 Issue needs to be clearer (when his body not on bishops property) E

Youth Work And Anti Social Behaviour Criminology Essay

Youth Work And Anti Social Behaviour Criminology Essay The purpose of this research is to investigate and explore whether youth work helps in preventing Anti-Social Behaviour (ASB) amongst young people. It is a worthwhile task to research this specific area as there is little published research on the contribution of youth work in preventing ASB. The research was conducted using young people and youth workers from the youth centre that I was doing my placement in Warwickshire. The data collected was a mixture of both quantitative and qualitative, however the focus of the data collection was on qualitative data. The main findings from the study revealed that the majority of young people and youth workers felt that attending the youth club helps to keep young people out of trouble. It was confirmed that youth clubs play an important role in informing young people about crime and justice issues, and that young people are likely to approach youth workers for help and advice. The services deemed important by young people were highlighted, and differences have been recognised between the services deemed most important to provide by young people and youth workers. Issues regarding the role of youth workers were raised, with differing opinions from both young people and youth workers. It has been illustrated that young people have a very positive attitude towards both youth work and youth workers, which is very important if youth workers are to build and maintain good relationships with young people. It is hoped that this research will provide a valuable insight into the possible role of youth work in preventing ASB to those who work in the field of youth work and crime prevention. Introduction The purpose of this study is to explore the potential role of youth work in preventing Anti-social behaviour(ASB). The topic of ASB and youth crime is one used in election campaigns by all political parties. Since New Labour came to power in 1997 there have been numerous citations of Tony Blairs slogan tough on crime, tough on the causes of crime, especially with regard to the phenomenon of youth crime. The purpose of this research therefore is to add to the debate on ASB prevention and to investigate a potential avenue that could help prevent it, that is, Youth Work. Relatively little published research has been conducted in the UK specifically on youth work and ASB or crime prevention, especially when compared to the US where Sherman et al (1997) has conducted interesting research. It is the purpose of this piece of research to reduce this gap in knowledge. It is hoped that this research will inform both those who work in the youth work arena and crime prevention strategists in general of the possibilities that youth work holds. 1.2 Aims and Objectives The title of the project is Investigate and Explore the role of Youth Work in preventing Anti-Social Behaviour. The broad aim was to explore whether youth work plays a role in preventing young people commit Anti-Social Behaviour (ASB) or in severe cases Crime. The objectives of the research were: To search, review and critically examine the available literature on youth work and youth crime prevention. To determine the role and nature of the youth clubs and youth workers in relation to crime prevention To demonstrate and compare the perceptions of youth work from those who attend youth clubs and those who act in the role of youth worker. To establish whether youth work can be an effective means in preventing youth crime 1.3 Definition of terms used There are debates about the precise meaning of the key terms used in this research, therefore these debates will be briefly outlined and the use of terminology justified. There are three main terms that are used within this report that must be defined. These are: anti-social behaviour, youth crime, youth work and young people. These terms each have their own meanings that are debated by academics, researchers, politicians and even the media. The biggest debates regarding terminology centre on the terms youth crime and young people therefore these will be discussed first. There are two initial problems that occur when attempting to define youth crime. Firstly the problem in defining exactly what crime is, and secondly the problem in defining exactly what youth is. Muncie states the common definition of crime usually takes the form similar to that of an act prohibited by criminal law (2004:39). Michael and Adler (1933) take this further stating that in other words, no act can be considered a crime, irrespective of how immoral or damaging it may be, unless it has been made such by legislation (cited by Muncie, 2004:39). On first examination, this definition may seem perfectly viable, however in respect of young people it is argued that such a legal uncontroversial definition is unable to capture the full extent of troublesome behaviour. It is for these reasons that criminologists have used terms such as delinquency and antisocial behaviour to refer to youth misconduct which is not deemed criminal by the law, but is otherwise troublesome. The use of such terms are used to label and criticise youth behaviour such as hanging around on the streets or being loud as anti-social when this would not necessarily be the case had an adult been behaving in the same manner. These terms therefore provide a way in which to discriminate against young peoples, often not excessively offensive, behaviour. With regard to anti-social behaviour, even a definition of what amounts to this has contrasting perspectives. For example, Rutter, Giller and Hagell define anti-social behaviour as criminal behaviour whereas the Home Office do not (1998:1). This could indicate that the location and context in which the term is used can be of significance. It is submitted that over time and in different societies our constructions of what constitutes criminality clearly change. Support for this can be found from Becker who argues that crime is a consequence of social interaction and that crime only occurs once it has been criminalized through public perception and social reaction. Sumner (1990) supports Beckers view and argues that crime and deviance are matters of moral and political judgement as they are ideological concepts that justify inequality (cited in Muncie, 2004:40). Defining youth is also a problematic task. If attempting to define youth by reference to age, there are no precise moments that mark when childhood ends and adulthood begins (Muncie, 2004:41). This important change has become known as the transition between childhood and adulthood. Spence argues that transition suggests a journey from one state to another, involving both personal and social aspects, and it is therefore dependent upon the idea that the two stages are distinct conditions and fundamentally different (2004: 48). One possible approach to pinpoint the occurrence of this transition is to use the age of criminal responsibility, which is currently 10 years old in England and Wales. Ultimately, the concept of youth is one that suggests similarity amongst people of similar age whilst acting as the basis for creating social rules and institutions that reinforce these apparent similarities (Spence, 2005, p.47). However, despite these definitional problems it is important to define youth in relation to crime. In England and Wales, a person who commits a criminal offence who is between the ages of 10 and 17 years will be treated as a juvenile offender, whereas an individual who commits a criminal offence and is between the ages of 18 and 21 years will be tried as a young offender (Davies, Croall and Tyrer (2004. p.57). Having taken these debates into consideration, the use of these terms throughout this report have been used to mean the following: the term youth crime refers to crime committed by those individuals under the age of 18 years, and the term crime indicates an act prohibited by criminal law (Muncie, 2004, p.39). The term young people has been used to mean those individuals over the age of 10 years and below the age of 18 years, as this also reflects the age of criminal responsibility in England and Wales. With regard to youth work, it is difficult to give a text book explanation of exactly what youth work is and research has illustrated that youth workers themselves find it difficult to put their role into a sentence that gives justice to both the work of the youth worker and that of the young person (Ingram and Harris, 2005, p.11-12). The nearest one will find to a formal definition of what youth work entails can be found in the statement of values and principles from the National Youth Agency (NYA), which states that the nature and purpose of youth work is: to facilitate and support young peoples growth through dependence to interdependence, by encouraging their personal and social development and enabling them to have a voice, influence and place in their communities and society. (NYA, 2005:17). It is through this definition that the researcher uses the term youth work to mean working with young people to help them achieve a sense of personal fulfilment, as well as work that can help and advice young people in their daily life choices and activities. The term youth worker therefore is used to describe those who carry out this role. 1.4 Organisation of the report The report is divided into four chapters as follows: Chapter Two reviews the design and methodology adopted to conduct the research and provides justification for the design and methods used. Chapter Three presents the findings of the research and analyse these appropriately. Chapter Four is the final chapter and will discuss the main findings from the research. It will also draw on these findings and the literature review in order to argue that youth work has the potential to make a significant contribution to ASB prevention and recommendations for policy makers, practice and further research. The appendices contain copies of all relevant documents referred to throughout the research. CHAPTER 2 Design and Methodology Research Design and methods The overall design of this research incorporated both quantitative and qualitative methods. The researcher aimed to collect these forms of data using questionnaires and focus groups. One set of questionnaires was distributed to six youth workers who works at the youth club. Semi-structured questions formed the interview questions used in focus groups with young people. As the research was an investigation the use of questionnaires was deemed appropriate for the collection of both quantitative and qualitative data. Throughout the literature review, it is clear that there is a number of research/theories and approaches that are based on facts within the topic of ASB. An example is that the Home Office have established that young people with a troubled home life are at higher risk of being involved in ASB and crime than those who have not. Using a quantitative design would be inadequate to offer alternative explanations and explain different personal circumstances, for example, why young people who have come from troubled family life get involved in ASB. My research question requires me to ask young people and youth workers whether youth work helps in preventing ASB. A qualitative design would therefore benefit me as it would allow me to ask young people directly through the use of semi-structured interviews. This would therefore include their individual understanding and experiences, rather than being given a choice of options to choose from. It has been stated that qualitative and quantitative research each reflects a different epistemological stance, which ultimately widens the gap between the two (Bryman, 1992). In terms of epistemological framework, quantitative research is strongly linked to the positivist method of studying society, therefore observing the world in an objective manner, whereas qualitative research entails a more subjective approach. These theories explain why quantitative data is often viewed as hard data and qualitative data as real and deep (OReilly, 1996:7). It is therefore submitted that it is not a disadvantage to combine quantitative and qualitative data, but that it is an advantage as the utilisation of the two methods allows for an in-depth investigation, which will allow a more complete account[s] of social reality (Bryman, 1992:126). Questionnaires According to Robson, (2002:230), questionnaires are seen as a predominantly quantitative research method. The questionnaires used in this research asked questions about young people and ASB from the workers point of view, and included both tick boxes and also opportunities to explain further. This offered the researcher qualitative data from the questionnaires. The questionnaire also contained personal data including age, gender, ethnicity, disability and sexuality. Participants were however not asked for their name or any details which would have enabled them to be identified. Below is a table adapted from Munn and Drever(1990) and Sarantakos(2005) which shows the benefits and drawbacks of questionnaires. Fig 1. Benefits Drawbacks Efficient use of time Greater assurance of anonymity for participants Standardised questions and format for data collection Production for quick results Less opportunity for researcher bias Easier for data analysis Allow for a greater coverage of participants Information tends to describe rather than explain Information can be superficial No room for probing, prompting or clarification No opportunity to provide motivation for the participant to take part Identity and conditions are not known Do not allow for additional information The main benefit of using questionnaires in this research was the ability to gain information in a relatively straight forward. This was also helpful for the data analysis stage as questions were all standardised and could easily be organised to produce results for analysis. Focus groups The other method used to collect data in this research was focus groups. Morgan(1998:1) states that, focus groups are group interviews. A moderator guides the interview while a small group discusses the topics that the interviewer raises. Morgan went on to talk about the growth of focus groups as a qualitative research method and how discussions that takes place generate a rich understanding of participants experiences and beliefs'(1998:11). The purpose of a focus group in this research was to offer a deep insight and gain a greater understanding of the opinions that exist towards the research question being explored. Sarantakos (2005) talks about how focus groups can be used as a tool to explain trends and variances through the views of respondents. Below is a table that shows the pros and cons of using focus groups and have been taken from Morgan(1997) and (1998), Bloor et al (2001), Sarantakos (2005). Fig 2 Benefits Drawbacks Ability to gain understanding o complex issues through group discussions Ability to understand uncertainties and ambiguity that can underlie group assessments Allow for easier comparisons of opinions and the similarities and differences that exist Recording data can be problematic Being in a group may hide peoples real opinions The process can be dominated by some members There can be difficulties keeping discussions on track Findings may not be represented The reason why these two methods were used in the research was to enhance the data collected and to enable the researcher to gain a deeper understanding of feelings and opinions that surround the subject. This use of multiple methods is becoming common in social researches which, as stated by Boer et al (2001:12), contribute to the parallel mushrooming commitment of academic researchers to triangulation. Triangulation is a process by which different methods are employed by researchers to ensure that the methods themselves do not distort data but instead produce similar findings. Implementation and changes to Design Due to selected young people not turning up for the focus group, the researcher had to randomly select young people who were present at the time who fitted the criteria. This meant having to postpone the time and some planned activities as the young people had to seek consent first to participate from parents/carers and bring to the researcher signed forms. This meant that the researcher had to do one focus group instead of two that had been planned in the research proposal. Although it would have been good to have two focus group so as to look for similarities and differences in young peoples views, having one group did not make much difference as the researcher felt the young people who participated were a fair representatives of young people who attend youth clubs. Having one focus group, in the researchers opinion was more than enough as the researcher had to consider time needed for analysis. 2.5 Sample Selection and Details of Participants In total there were 14 participants in the study: eight young people, and six youth workers. It was felt that although this was a relatively small sample, it would allow for a greater degree of qualitative data to be collected and analysed. The researcher felt that the sample of young people was, fairly representative of those attending the youth clubs. The sampling method used was convenience or accidental sampling which involves choosing the nearest and most convenience persons to act as respondents. Robson(2002:265). The main limitations to this type of sampling is that there is no way to tell if the findings are representatives of the population or not. Robson(2002:265). However, the researcher tried to make sure that many groups were represented in the study including every age group and gender. One key group that was not included was young people from ethnic minorities group. This was due to the fact that at the time no one who fitted the criteria was present and the area is dominantly white. The participants (both youth workers and young people) were all white British. The age range of the young people was between 13 and 16 years old, with 37.5% being female and 62.5% male. The youth worker participants were 66.7% female and 33.3% male. The table below(Fig 3) shows a detailed breakdown of all participants. Young people Age(years) Male Female Total 13 1 1 2 14 1 1 2 15 2 1 3 16 1 1 Fig 4 Youth Workers Age range Female Male Total 18-25 2 2 25-30 1 1 2 30+ 1 1 2 2.6 Young Peoples Focus Group The researcher arranged semi-structured questions in advance and sent them to the Youth Worker in charge for approval. A place and time was allocated where the group would not be disturbed. By planning in advance, the researcher was able to avoid interruptions and ensure people could not overhear the discussions. Facilitating a focus group allowed the researcher to be creative in the types of questions that she could ask. Interactive and visual exercises were included which enabled young people to keep focused, interested and engaged in the topic. 2.7 Youth workers questionnaire There were several questions that could be compared to the questions given to young people, in order to reach the objective of determining and comparing the perceptions of youth work from youth workers and young people. Due to the mixture of open and closed questions it was possible to extract both quantitative and qualitative data from the youth workers. However, because the sample size was relatively small the focus was to collect qualitative data that was rich in both information and experience. At the youth club the questionnaires were handed to the worker-in-charge who ensured that the researcher was handed the completed questionnaires back. All six questionnaires were completed and returned. Confidentiality was ensured and maintained throughout as the questionnaires were handed out with an envelope for use after completion of the questionnaire. 2.8 Ethical Issues It is vital when completing research that the importance of ethical issues is observed. (Walliman 2006:151). The ethical issues identified for this research can be found in the research proposal (Appedix). No further ethical issues were identified. Consent forms forms were all signed and retuned to the researcher. The researcher further emphasised on confidentiality issues within the group. Throughout the research, all the procedures identified to promote ethical practice were put into place. A place that was free from noise, interruptions or risks that others could overhear was used and this was important in maintaining confidentiality. 2.9 Data Analysis In presenting and discussing the research findings a mixture of summary and descriptive statistics were used. Generalizations from these statistics were kept to a minimum due to the research design and methods adopted. As the research sample was relatively small and manageable, the researcher felt confident to complete the statistical calculations herself. In addition, as the research sample was relatively small it was not thought appropriate to use any other statistical tests in the data analysis CHAPTER 3 FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS 3.1 Introduction The purpose of this chapter is to present the findings of the research and provide a basic interpretation of these findings. Quantifiable data will be presented in a graphical format. Qualitative data will be illustrated by quotes and written observations. The findings of the study have been provided through the use of data analysis by using a grounded theory approach. A grounded theory is dedicated to generating theories. It emphasises the importance of empirical fieldwork and the need to link any explanations very closely to what happens in the real world.(Denscombe, 2007:89) The researcher analysed the data after recording all of the information provided from the focus group onto one sheet. This meant putting all of the participants answers to each question together, therefore analysis on possible themes and categories was made easier. An example is provided in Fig 5 below: Key P1=Participant 1 Q1 What do you understand by the term Anti-Social Behaviour? P1- ermm, I think its crime committed by youth like young people P2- ohm ermm I dont know (pause) young people messing around on the streets getting into trouble P3- aint it just teenagers doing nothing on the streets or corner shops P4- Like graffiti, hanging on the streets, smoking, drinking, things that young people do P5- Its like all these guys with hoodies hanging about getting into trouble by misbehaving, acting stupid P6- Petty crime like hanging about on the streets, making noise, vandalising property I used this process to look at specific parts of the interviews which were important in order to meet my research objectives. My data analysis was based on looking for similarities or differences in the answers given and categorising relevant themes. Denscombe (2007:98) states that, the first stage of analysis involves the coding and categorizing of the data. This means the researcher begins to assign bits of raw data to particular categories. Careful scrutiny of the data will allow the researcher to see that certain bits of the data have something in common. 3.2 Focus Group-Young people The objective of having a focus group with young people was ultimately to discover their views on both the youth club they attended, the youth workers that worked there, and whether having a youth club helped keep the young people out of trouble, therefore addressing the issue of reducing and preventing youth crime. In order to do this it was considered important to discover how often the young people actually attended the clubs. Youth club attendance and spare time activities Figure 6 below illustrates that nearly two thirds of the young people, (5, which is 62.5%) attended whenever the clubs were open. It is argued that this is an important finding for the foundation of the research as if young people were not attending the clubs then the potential of youth work to help reduce Anti-social behaviour and crime would be dramatically reduced from the outset. As the youth clubs are regularly attended by young people it was felt that because the youth club studied in this research were not open seven days a week, it was important to try and discover what young people were doing in their spare time when they were not at the club. As was discussed in Chapter Two, according to research, social skills are an important part of the transition into adulthood (Spence, 2005). However, the effect of socialisation and peer group pressure can have differing effects on individuals. It is clear to see from figure 7 below, socialising with friends is a large part of the young peoples lives. It is interesting to observe that only a small proportion (2), which is a quarter of young people thought that they got into trouble in their spare time. This figure could be a result of several different factors such as different opinions as to what is classed as getting into trouble, for example is it only trouble if you have broken the law or when you are being antisocial? Subjective factors such as these could have affected the answers given by the participants and this must be kept in mind when analysing the findings Keeping out of trouble The young people were asked to rate the extent of their agreement to the statement coming to the youth club keeps me out of trouble (question 3). It is submitted that the results (see figure 8 below) are encouraging on several levels. Firstly, no one disagreed with the statement therefore it is possible to argue that the youth clubs could help reduce youth crime, at least for the period in which the young people attended the club. Support for this argument can be found in the fact that 62.5% of young people rated their extent of agreement at 4 or above on the scale. To make a direct comparison, the youth workers were asked the same question (question 6). The results are also illustrated in figure 3 above. It must be remembered when interpreting these findings that the sample size of the two groups were different, as the young people sample (n=8) was larger than the youth worker sample (n=6). The findings from the youth workers indicate a strong extent of agreement that youth clubs do help keep young people out of trouble, illustrated by the fact nearly all responses (4: 66.7%) were marked 4 or above on the scale. # Comparative means to indicate the level of agreement to the statement that youth clubs keep young people out of trouble The role of a youth worker: Question 1-Youth Workers/ Question 10-Young people It was important to discover what the young people and the youth workers perceived to be the role of a youth worker in order to see if there were any major differences. If they were there, these would need to be resolved in order to provide the service that young people want and need. The young people in the stated that someone to offer help/advice as the main role of a youth worker. Help/advice/guidance is one perception of the role that is shared by both the young people and youth workers. There was a difference in that young people felt that to provide activities was an element of the role, as opposed to youth workers. This information was difficult to quantify the data into categories in that the answers given by the youth workers were very serious, whereas the young peoples answers were more focused towards fun and activities as opposed to being focused on serious matters such as guidance The NYA promotes that the main purpose of youth work is the personal and social development of young people and their social inclusion (NYA, 2006:6). . In comparison to Mertons study (2004), which found the role of a youth worker to be a social educator and mentor, it is possible to argue that these elements are also visible in the findings from this research as helping, advising and guiding young people can fit into both of the roles Merton found. Referring to the literature review, I had based my research on the risk factors identified by the home office that increase the chances of young people be involved in ASB. Within these risk factors, peer pressure was established as one of the risk factors associated with ASB. My results supported this as 7 out of 8 young people mentioned copying their friends, trying to fit in and peer pressure as a reason for engaging in ASB. Chapter Four Discussion, Conclusions and Implications 4.1 The most important findings The study found that there was a high level of agreement amongst young people and youth workers that going to the youth club keeps young people out of trouble. It is therefore argued that youth work is already contributing to ASB prevention, at least during the period in which the youth clubs are open. Regarding what the participants thought were the most important services to provide, Q4-YW and Q9-YP, the study found a difference of opinion not only between youth workers and young people, but also amongst youth workers themselves. Young people felt that a place to socialise, access to information and advice, and a safe place to be were the most important services, whereas overall youth workers felt enthusiastic workers and the building of relationships were paramount. If youth work were to hold a substantial ASB or crime prevention role, differences such as these would need to be straightened out in order to ensure the most important services are clearly defined in terms of what the young people want and need from the clubs. With regard to the informative function of youth work, it was found that youth work does indeed play an important role in informing young people about ASB, crime and justice issues. This provides the foundation on which to argue that youth work has an extremely important role in providing young people with information on important issues. The study found that young people were likely to approach a youth worker for support and advice. This is very encouraging in terms of youth work holding and maintaining a successful role in ASB prevention, as it would be paramount that young people feel both confident and comfortable in approaching youth workers for help. It was also illustrated that in general young people have a very positive attitude towards youth workers, which supports the argument that youth workers have the potential to cross the barriers with young people where others fail, especially in terms of promoting pro-social behaviour and social inclusion. This finding als